2025年联邦税率与报税要点

2025 年仍是 10%、12%、22%、24%、32%、35%、37% 七档税率。新税法把这七档税率改为永久，但没有改变 2025 年的税档金额。下表按“应税收入 (Taxable Income)”划分，也就是调整后总收入 (AGI) 减去标准扣除额或分项扣除额以及其他扣除后的金额。税率是累进的：每一档税率只适用于落在该区间内的那部分收入。

注：每一档指“超过前一个数字、但不超过后一个数字”的应税收入。

新税法提高了 2025 年的标准扣除额。下表是 2025 年报税实际使用的金额；IRS 在法案通过前公布的 $15,000、$22,500 和 $30,000 已经不适用。

65 岁以上或失明者的额外标准扣除额 (Additional Standard Deduction)

• 已婚（合并或分开申报）及合格丧偶者：每人每项 $1,600（年满 65 岁、失明各算一项）。
• 单身或户主：每项 $2,000（年满 65 岁、失明各算一项）。
• 年满 65 岁又失明的，两项可以同时加。
• 可以被别人列为受抚养人 (Dependent) 的人：标准扣除额最多为 $1,350 或“劳动收入加 $450”两者中较高者，但不超过上表的一般金额。

新增：65 岁以上老年人扣除 (Senior Deduction)

• 金额：每位年满 65 岁的纳税人 $6,000；夫妻合并申报而两人都符合的，共 $12,000。
• 年龄：2025 年底前年满 65 岁，即 1961 年 1 月 2 日之前出生。
• 收入限制：修正后调整总收入 (MAGI) 超过 $75,000（夫妻合报 $150,000）时，从每人的 $6,000 中减去超过部分的 6%；MAGI 达到 $175,000（夫妻合报 $250,000）时减到零。
• 适用年份：2025 至 2028 纳税年度，在 Schedule 1-A 上申报。
• 其他条件：报税表上必须填写该长者可用于工作的社会安全号码 (SSN)；已婚者必须合并申报。不论使用标准扣除还是分项扣除都可以申请，而且是加在上面的额外标准扣除额之外。

儿童税收抵免 (Child Tax Credit)

• 每名 2025 年底未满 17 岁的合格子女最高 $2,200（新税法从 2025 年起由 $2,000 提高）。
• 其中可退还部分 (Additional Child Tax Credit) 每名子女最高 $1,700，按劳动收入超过 $2,500 部分的 15% 计算。
• MAGI 超过 $200,000（夫妻合报 $400,000）后，每超过 $1,000（不足 $1,000 也算）减少 $50。
• 每名子女必须有可用于工作的 SSN（2018 年起已是如此）；从 2025 年起，纳税人本人也必须有可用于工作的 SSN：夫妻合报的，至少一方要有，另一方须有 SSN 或个人报税识别号码 (ITIN)。这些号码都必须在报税截止日（含延期）之前取得。报税人只有 ITIN（合报时夫妻两人都只有 ITIN）的，不能申请儿童税收抵免，但仍可以为子女申请下面的其他受抚养人抵免。
• 不能用来申请儿童税收抵免的受抚养人，可以申请其他受抚养人抵免 (Credit for Other Dependents)：每人最高 $500，不可退还。例如 17 岁或以上的子女、由您供养的父母，以及只因为报税人没有可用于工作的 SSN 而不能申请儿童税收抵免的子女；只有 ITIN 的报税人也可以申请。受抚养人须在报税截止日（含延期）之前有 SSN、ITIN 或领养报税号码 (ATIN)，并须是美国公民、美国国民或美国税务居民；以“合格亲属 (Qualifying Relative)”身份列报的，2025 年总收入须低于 $5,200。

劳动所得抵免 (EITC，俗称低收入退税)

2025 年标准如下。递减和取消按 AGI 或劳动收入两者中较高者计算。

投资收入（利息、股息、资本利得、租金净收入等）超过 $11,950 就不能申请。申请人（合报时夫妻两人）必须在报税截止日（含延期）之前取得有效的 SSN；子女也要有有效的 SSN 才能按“有子女”的标准计算，否则可能只能按无子女的标准申请。已婚分开申报的，一般不能申请，只有符合分居等特别规定时例外。

托儿及受抚养人护理抵免 (Child and Dependent Care Credit)：2025 年仍按原规定

• 可计入的护理费用上限：1 名受照顾人 $3,000，2 名或以上 $6,000（一般是 13 岁以下的子女，或不能自理的配偶、受抚养人）。
• 抵免比例：AGI 在 $15,000 或以下为 35%；超过 $15,000 后，每多 $2,000（不足 $2,000 也算）降 1 个百分点，AGI 超过 $43,000 时为 20%。
• 因此最高抵免额为 $1,050（1 人）或 $2,100（2 人或以上）；AGI 超过 $43,000 的，最多 $600 或 $1,200。
• 雇主提供的受抚养人护理福利 (Dependent Care FSA)：2025 年免税上限为 $5,000（已婚分开申报 $2,500）。
• 抵免比例最高提高到 50%、FSA 上限提高到 $7,500，都是 2026 年起的新规定，2025 年不适用。

教育抵免 (Education Credits)

• 美国机会抵免 (AOTC)：每名学生每年最高 $2,500，其中 40%（最多 $1,000）可退还；每名学生最多申请 4 年。
• 终身学习抵免 (LLC)：每份报税表最高 $2,000，不可退还，没有年数限制。
• 两者都在 MAGI $80,000 至 $90,000（夫妻合报 $160,000 至 $180,000）之间逐步减少，超过上限就不能申请。
• 2025 年报税用 SSN 或 ITIN 都可以；申请美国机会抵免的，纳税人和学生都必须在报税截止日（含延期）之前取得号码。必须有可用于工作的 SSN 是 2026 年起的新规定。

健保保费抵免 (Premium Tax Credit)

2025 年家庭收入超过联邦贫困线 (Federal Poverty Line) 400% 的人，仍可能有资格领取保费抵免。通过健保市场 (Marketplace) 预领的保费补助 (Advance Premium Tax Credit) 如果多于实际应得金额，2025 年报税时须归还的金额有以下上限：

2026 年起，这些归还上限已经取消，多领的部分须全数归还。

这三项扣除适用于 2025 至 2028 纳税年度，2025 年报税时第一次申报，填在新的 Schedule 1-A 上。不论使用标准扣除还是分项扣除都可以申请；它们减少的是应税收入，但不会降低 AGI，也不会减少社安税和医疗保险税（FICA 或自雇税）。

• 小费：必须是 2024 年底前通常就收小费的职业（以财政部公布的职业清单为准）；顾客自愿给、自己决定金额的现金或刷卡小费（包括小费分成）才算，餐馆自动加收、顾客不能更改的服务费 (Service Charge) 不算；须列在 W-2、1099 等报表上，或用 Form 4137 自行申报。自雇者的小费扣除不能超过该生意的净利润。
• 加班费：只限《公平劳动标准法》(FLSA) 规定必须支付的加班“溢价”部分，而且雇员必须是 FLSA 规定须付加班费的员工。例如平时时薪 $20，加班按 1.5 倍即 $30 支付，每小时可以扣除的是多出来的 $10。雇主自愿多付（例如按 2 倍支付）的部分、FLSA 不要求而只因州法律或劳资合同支付的加班费，以及每周没有超过 40 小时的周末或假日加给，都不算。
• 车贷利息：贷款必须在 2024 年 12 月 31 日以后借入，用来购买个人使用的新车（第一手），并以该车作第一顺位抵押；车辆须在美国完成最终组装，车辆额定总重 (GVWR) 低于 14,000 磅（轿车、小型客车、厢型车、SUV、皮卡或摩托车）。租车 (Lease)、二手车和主要作营业用途的车都不适用。这笔车贷以后再融资的，利息一般仍可扣除。

2025 年的 W-2 和 1099 没有单独列出小费和加班费，怎么计算？

2025 年的 W-2、1099-NEC、1099-MISC 和 1099-K 表格没有改版，雇主和付款方不必单独列出合格小费或加班费。IRS 在 Notice 2025-69 中允许 2025 年按下列方法计算。计算所依据的工资单、记录等资料要保留备查。

• 雇员的小费：可以用 W-2 第 7 栏的社安小费 (Social Security Tips)，或全年用 Form 4070（或类似表格）每月向雇主报告的小费合计，或雇主自愿在 W-2 第 14 栏或另附说明中列出的金额；另外，用 Form 4137 申报的未报小费也可以加上。
• 自雇或独立承包人的小费：小费必须包含在 1099-NEC、1099-MISC 或 1099-K 的总额里，金额可以按收据、POS 机报表、每日小费记录或平台的收入明细计算；没有包含在 1099 总额里的现金小费不能扣除。
• “特定服务行业 (SSTB)”过渡安排：法律规定在 SSTB（例如医疗、法律、会计、表演艺术等行业）收到的小费不能扣除（雇员看雇主的生意）；但根据 Notice 2025-69，在 IRS 就这项扣除发布 SSTB 最终规定后的下一个 1 月 1 日之前，只要职业在财政部清单上，IRS 就当作不是在 SSTB 收到的小费。2025 年全年都适用这项安排。
• 加班费：W-2 第 14 栏或雇主另附说明列出合格加班费的，可以直接使用。否则，工资单列出加班“溢价”金额的，用这个金额；只列出按 1.5 倍支付的加班费总额的，用总额的三分之一（例如全年加班费 $15,000，可以扣除 $5,000）；雇主按 2 倍支付的，工资单列出的是超出平时工资的部分就用二分之一，列出的是全部加班费就用四分之一；以上资料都没有的，可以按平时时薪和每周超过 40 小时的时数合理估算，或向雇主索取资料。
• 车贷利息：2025 年贷款机构可以只通过网上账户、月结单或年度对账单提供全年利息金额，不一定会寄出专门的利息报表 (Notice 2025-57)。
• 2026 年起，W-2 和 1099 会单独列出合格小费和加班费；雇员的加班费扣除不能超过 W-2 上列出的金额。

州和地方税 (SALT) 扣除上限

MAGI 超过门槛的部分，按 30% 减少扣除上限，但不会低于 $10,000，所以 MAGI 达到 $600,000 时上限只剩 $10,000。已婚分开申报 (MFS) 的算法是：先用 $40,000 的上限和 $250,000 的门槛计算，再把结果减半，所以 MAGI 达到 $350,000 时降到最低的 $5,000。2026 年上限为 $40,400、门槛为 $505,000，2027 至 2029 年每年再增加 1%；2030 年起上限恢复为 $10,000。SALT 包括州和地方所得税（或改用销售税）、房地产税，以及按价值征收的个人财产税。

慈善捐款 (Charitable Contributions)

• 2025 年只有分项扣除才能扣除慈善捐款。
• 现金捐给公共慈善机构，一般最多可扣 AGI 的 60%；超过限额的部分一般可以结转，在以后 5 年内扣除。
• 不分项扣除也能扣现金捐款 $1,000（夫妻合报 $2,000），以及分项扣除者只能扣超过 AGI 0.5% 部分，这两项都是 2026 年起的规定，2025 年不适用。

其他分项扣除

• 高收入者：37% 税档的人分项扣除要按 2/37 削减的规定从 2026 年才开始，2025 年不适用。
• 赌博损失 (Gambling Losses)：2025 年可以扣除全部损失，但不能超过当年的赌博所得；2026 年起只能扣 90%。
• 房贷利息 (Mortgage Interest)：2017 年 12 月 15 日以后借的购房贷款，最多按 $750,000（已婚分开申报 $375,000）的贷款计算利息扣除；在这之前借的为 $1,000,000（$500,000）。房贷保险费 (Mortgage Insurance Premiums) 2025 年不能扣除，2026 年起才恢复。
• 医疗费用 (Medical Expenses)：超过 AGI 7.5% 的部分可以扣除。
• 教育工作者 (Educator Expenses)：中小学 (K-12) 教师等自付的教学用品，2025 年可以在计算 AGI 前扣除 (Above-the-line) 最多 $300；夫妻都是教育工作者而合报的，最多 $600，每人不超过 $300。这类费用改为也可作分项扣除、并扩大到校际体育教练的新规定从 2026 年开始。

持有超过一年的资产卖出所得，以及合格股息 (Qualified Dividends)，2025 年按应税收入适用 0%、15% 或 20%：

另有 3.8% 的净投资收入税 (Net Investment Income Tax)：MAGI 超过 $200,000（单身、户主）、$250,000（夫妻合报、合格丧偶者）或 $125,000（已婚分开申报）时，按“净投资收入”和“MAGI 超过门槛的部分”两者中较小者征收。

2025 年，AMT 应税收入超过递减起点后，每多 $1 豁免额减少 25 美分。2026 年起递减起点降为 $500,000（夫妻合报 $1,000,000），而且每多 $1 减少 50 美分。AMT 税率为 26% 和 28%：扣除豁免额后超过 $239,100（已婚分开申报 $119,550）的部分适用 28%。

新税法把终身免税额提高到 $15,000,000，适用于 2025 年 12 月 31 日以后去世者的遗产和 2026 年起的赠与。2025 年每年送给同一个人不超过 $19,000，一般不必申报赠与税表 (Form 709)。海外赠与如果没有按时申报，罚款为每个月赠与金额的 5%，最高 25%（有合理原因者除外）。

2025 年为 $130,000。必须以外国为税务居所 (Tax Home)，并符合“真实居民测试 (Bona Fide Residence Test)”或“实际居住测试 (Physical Presence Test)”，后者即任何连续 12 个月内在外国住满至少 330 个完整日。

• 60 至 63 岁的追加供款，适用于 2025 年内满 60、61、62 或 63 岁的人。
• 部分符合条件的雇主 SIMPLE 计划，员工供款上限可为 $17,600，50 岁以上追加供款为 $3,850。
• 本人参加雇主退休计划时，传统 IRA 供款扣税的 MAGI 递减区间：单身、户主 $79,000 至 $89,000；夫妻合报或合格丧偶者 $126,000 至 $146,000；本人没参加但配偶参加的 $236,000 至 $246,000；已婚分开申报 $0 至 $10,000。
• Roth IRA 供款的 MAGI 递减区间：单身、户主 $150,000 至 $165,000；夫妻合报或合格丧偶者 $236,000 至 $246,000；已婚分开申报 $0 至 $10,000。
• 退休储蓄抵免 (Saver’s Credit)：最高 $1,000（夫妻合报 $2,000）；AGI 超过 $39,500（户主 $59,250，夫妻合报 $79,000）就不能申请。
• 70½ 岁以上可以从 IRA 直接捐给慈善机构 (Qualified Charitable Distribution)，2025 年每人最多 $108,000，不计入收入；一次性捐给慈善赠与年金 (Charitable Gift Annuity) 等安排的上限为 $54,000。
• HSA 只适用于参加高自付额健保 (HDHP) 的人：2025 年 HDHP 最低自付额个人 $1,650、家庭 $3,300；全年自付上限个人 $8,300、家庭 $16,600。新税法规定，从 2025 年开始的计划年度起，健保计划对远程医疗 (Telehealth) 不设自付额，或另有远程医疗保障，都不影响 HSA 资格。铜级 (Bronze) 和重大疾病 (Catastrophic) 计划算作 HDHP 是 2026 年起的规定。

1099 申报门槛

• Form 1099-NEC、1099-MISC：2025 年支付的款项，付给同一人全年合计 $600 或以上就要申报（特许权使用费 (Royalties) 为 $10）。$2,000 的新门槛只适用于 2026 年起支付的款项。
• Form 1099-K：新税法追溯恢复原来的门槛，第三方支付平台（支付 App、网上平台）只有在全年收款超过 $20,000 而且交易超过 200 笔时，才必须开出 2025 年的 1099-K；客人直接用信用卡、借记卡付款的，不论金额多少都会收到 1099-K。
• 不论有没有收到 1099，所有营业收入都必须申报。

社安税与自雇税 (Social Security and Self-Employment Tax)

• 2025 年社会安全税 (Social Security Tax) 工资上限为 $176,100，雇员和雇主各缴 6.2%；联邦医疗保险税 (Medicare Tax) 各缴 1.45%，没有上限。
• 自雇税 (Self-Employment Tax)：以自雇净收入的 92.35% 按 15.3% 计算（社安税 12.4% 加医疗保险税 2.9%）；社安税部分同样以 $176,100 为上限（与工资合并计算）。
• 额外医疗保险税 (Additional Medicare Tax) 0.9%：工资或自雇收入超过 $200,000（夫妻合报 $250,000，已婚分开申报 $125,000）的部分。
• 雇主小费社安税抵免 (FICA Tip Credit, Form 8846)：从 2025 纳税年度起，除餐饮业外，也适用于通常收小费的美容服务业，包括理发美发、美甲、美容护肤、身体护理及水疗。雇主为员工小费缴的社安税和医疗保险税可以申请抵免；美容业员工的小费中，用来补足每小时 $7.25 联邦最低工资的部分不计算在内。

设备购置与营业收入扣除

• 第 179 条款一次性扣除 (Section 179)：新税法提高了上限，2025 纳税年度为 $2,500,000；当年投入使用的合格资产超过 $4,000,000 后，上限逐元减少（IRS 原先公布的是 $1,250,000 和 $3,130,000）。
• 特别折旧 (Bonus Depreciation)：2025 年 1 月 19 日以后取得的合格资产可以 100% 特别折旧（取得日期以签订有约束力的书面合同的日期为准）；2025 年 1 月 20 日之前取得、2025 年投入使用的资产为 40%（长期生产资产和部分飞机为 60%）。2025 年 1 月 19 日以后结束的第一个纳税年度，也可以选择用 40%（或 60%）代替 100%。
• 合格营业收入扣除 (QBI Deduction, Section 199A)：最高为合格营业收入的 20%，新税法已改为永久。2025 年应税收入门槛为 $197,300（夫妻合报 $394,600）；超过门槛后，在 $50,000（夫妻合报 $100,000）的区间内，W-2 工资及资产限额逐步适用，“特定服务行业 (SSTB)”（如医疗、法律、会计、咨询）的扣除逐步减少；到 $247,300（夫妻合报 $494,600）时完全适用，SSTB 不能再扣除。区间扩大到 $75,000（夫妻合报 $150,000）和 $400 的最低扣除，都是 2026 年起的规定。

• 性质：为未满 18 岁儿童开设的新型个人退休账户 (IRA)。
• 开户：父母或监护人等提交 Form 4547 作出选择。Form 4547 可以和 2025 年报税表一起递交，也可以随时单独递交，现在还可以通过 IRS 个人网上账户 (Individual Online Account) 在线递交。已经报了 2025 年税的，不要为了附上 Form 4547 而修改 (Amend) 报税表。
• 联邦政府种子钱：2025 年 1 月 1 日至 2028 年 12 月 31 日出生、有可用于工作的 SSN 的美国公民儿童，在 Form 4547 上选择参加后，由财政部一次性存入 $1,000。
• 存款：2026 年 7 月 4 日之前不能存钱进账户。之后父母、亲友和雇主等每年合计最多 $5,000，个人存入的钱不能扣税。存款、投资和提款的详细规定请看 2026 年页面。

• 新电动车抵免 (New Clean Vehicle Credit)：符合条件的新电动车或燃料电池车最高 $7,500。车辆必须在 2025 年 9 月 30 日或之前“取得”，即已签订有约束力的书面合同并已付款（定金或旧车折价也算）；提车可以在这一天以后，在哪一年提车就在哪一年的报税表上申请。建议零售价 (MSRP) 不超过 $55,000（厢型车、SUV、皮卡 $80,000）；提车当年或前一年的 MAGI 有一年不超过 $300,000（夫妻合报或合格丧偶者）、$225,000（户主）或 $150,000（其他）即可。
• 二手电动车抵免 (Used Clean Vehicle Credit)：同样以 2025 年 9 月 30 日或之前取得为限；按售价的 30% 计算，最高 $4,000；售价不超过 $25,000，须向车商购买；提车当年或前一年的 MAGI 有一年不超过 $150,000（夫妻合报或合格丧偶者）、$112,500（户主）或 $75,000（其他）即可。
• 商用清洁车辆抵免 (Commercial Clean Vehicle Credit，营业用车)：同样以 2025 年 9 月 30 日或之前取得为限；每辆最高 $7,500，车辆额定总重 14,000 磅或以上的最高 $40,000。
• 购车时已把抵免转给车商、直接抵减车价的，报税时仍须填报 Form 8936。
• 住宅节能改善抵免 (Energy Efficient Home Improvement Credit)：2025 年 12 月 31 日或之前在自住的现有房屋安装使用的项目，按费用的 30% 计算。每年上限 $1,200，其中外门每扇 $250、合计 $500，窗户和天窗合计 $600，能源审计 $150，其他每项 $600；热泵、热泵热水器、生物质炉和生物质锅炉另有每年 $2,000 的上限，所以每年最多 $3,200。2025 年起须在报税表上填写每件产品的合格制造商识别码 (QMID)。
• 住宅清洁能源抵免 (Residential Clean Energy Credit)：太阳能发电、太阳能热水、小型风力发电、地热热泵、3 千瓦时以上的电池储能等，在 2025 年 12 月 31 日或之前完成安装的，按费用的 30% 计算，没有年度上限（燃料电池除外）；当年用不完的抵免可以结转到以后年度。

新税法扩大了 529 计划的用途：2025 年 7 月 4 日以后的提款，中小学费用除学费外，也包括课程教材、书本和网上学习材料、校外辅导（辅导老师须符合资格）、标准化考试和大学入学考试费、大学双学分课程费，以及残障学生的教育治疗；另外也可以用于取得认可职业证书 (Postsecondary Credential) 的课程、考试和继续教育费用。

• 不分项扣除也可以扣除现金慈善捐款 $1,000（夫妻合报 $2,000）；分项扣除者的慈善捐款只能扣超过 AGI 0.5% 的部分。
• 37% 税档的分项扣除按 2/37 削减；赌博损失只能扣 90%；房贷保险费恢复可以扣除。
• 托儿及受抚养人护理抵免最高比例提高到 50%；受抚养人护理 FSA 上限提高到 $7,500。
• AMT 豁免额递减起点降为 $500,000（夫妻合报 $1,000,000），递减速度加倍。
• 遗产及赠与税终身免税额提高到 $15,000,000。
• 1099-NEC 和 1099-MISC 的申报门槛提高到 $2,000。
• 529 计划每名学生每年可用于中小学的提款上限提高到 $20,000。
• 健保保费抵免多领的部分须全数归还。
• 美国机会抵免和终身学习抵免须有可用于工作的 SSN。
• W-2 和 1099 单独列出合格小费和加班费。

以上各项在 2026 年的具体规定，请看本页开头链接的 2026 年页面。

The seven rates for 2025 are 10%, 12%, 22%, 24%, 32%, 35% and 37%. The new law made these rates permanent but did not change the 2025 bracket amounts. The brackets apply to taxable income: adjusted gross income (AGI) minus the standard or itemized deduction and other deductions. Each rate applies only to the part of income that falls within its bracket.

Each bracket covers taxable income over the first figure and up to the second figure.

The new law raised the 2025 standard deduction. The table shows the amounts used on 2025 returns. The $15,000, $22,500 and $30,000 amounts the IRS announced before the law passed no longer apply.

Additional Standard Deduction for Age 65 or Older or Blind

• Married (filing jointly or separately) and qualifying surviving spouses: $1,600 per person for each condition.
• Single or head of household: $2,000 per person for each condition.
• A person who is both 65 or older and blind gets both amounts.
• If someone else can claim you as a dependent, your standard deduction is limited to the greater of $1,350 or your earned income plus $450, but not more than the regular amount above.

New Senior Deduction

• Amount: $6,000 for each taxpayer age 65 or older; $12,000 on a joint return when both spouses qualify.
• Age: 65 by the end of 2025, that is, born before January 2, 1961.
• Income limit: each $6,000 is reduced by 6% of modified adjusted gross income (MAGI) over $75,000 ($150,000 on a joint return). It reaches zero at MAGI of $175,000 ($250,000 on a joint return).
• Years: tax years 2025 through 2028; claimed on Schedule 1-A.
• Other conditions: the return must show the qualifying person’s Social Security number (SSN) valid for employment, and married couples must file jointly. It is available whether you itemize or take the standard deduction, and it is on top of the additional standard deduction above.

Child Tax Credit

• Up to $2,200 for each qualifying child under age 17 at the end of 2025 (the new law raised it from $2,000 starting in 2025).
• Refundable portion (Additional Child Tax Credit): up to $1,700 per child, figured as 15% of earned income over $2,500.
• The credit drops by $50 for each $1,000 (or part of $1,000) of MAGI over $200,000 ($400,000 on a joint return).
• Each child must have an SSN valid for employment (required since 2018); starting in 2025, so must the taxpayer. On a joint return, at least one spouse must have one, and the other spouse must have an SSN or an Individual Taxpayer Identification Number (ITIN). All of these numbers must be issued by the return due date (including extensions). A filer who has only an ITIN, or a couple who both have only ITINs, cannot claim the child tax credit but can still claim the credit for other dependents below for their children.
• A dependent who cannot be used for the child tax credit may qualify you for the Credit for Other Dependents: up to $500 each, nonrefundable. Examples: children 17 or older, parents you support, and children who miss the child tax credit only because the filer lacks an SSN valid for employment. Filers with only an ITIN can claim it. The dependent needs an SSN, ITIN or adoption taxpayer identification number (ATIN) by the return due date (including extensions) and must be a U.S. citizen, U.S. national or U.S. resident alien. A dependent claimed as a qualifying relative must have 2025 gross income under $5,200.

Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC)

2025 figures are below. The phase-out uses AGI or earned income, whichever is greater.

Investment income (interest, dividends, capital gains, net rents and similar income) over $11,950 makes you ineligible. You, and your spouse if filing jointly, must have a valid SSN issued by the return due date (including extensions). A child also needs a valid SSN for you to claim the larger credit for that child; otherwise you may be able to claim only the credit for workers without children. Married people filing separately generally cannot claim the EITC unless they meet special rules for separated spouses.

Child and Dependent Care Credit: Prior Rules Still Apply for 2025

• Expense limits: $3,000 for one qualifying person, $6,000 for two or more (generally children under 13, or a spouse or dependent who cannot care for themselves).
• Credit rate: 35% at AGI of $15,000 or less, then down 1 percentage point for each $2,000 (or part of $2,000) of AGI over $15,000, reaching 20% once AGI is over $43,000.
• The maximum credit is therefore $1,050 for one person or $2,100 for two or more. With AGI over $43,000, the maximum is $600 or $1,200.
• Employer dependent care benefits (dependent care FSA): the 2025 tax-free limit is $5,000 ($2,500 for married filing separately).
• The higher 50% top rate and the $7,500 FSA limit start in 2026. They do not apply to 2025.

Education Credits

• American Opportunity Tax Credit (AOTC): up to $2,500 per student per year, of which 40% (up to $1,000) is refundable; available for four years per student.
• Lifetime Learning Credit (LLC): up to $2,000 per return, nonrefundable, with no limit on the number of years.
• Both phase out between MAGI of $80,000 and $90,000 ($160,000 and $180,000 on a joint return); above the top figure there is no credit.
• For 2025, an SSN or an ITIN is acceptable. For the AOTC, both you and the student must have the number by the return due date (including extensions). The requirement of an SSN valid for employment starts in 2026.

Premium Tax Credit

For 2025, households with income above 400% of the federal poverty line may still qualify for the premium tax credit. If the advance premium tax credit paid for your Marketplace health insurance is more than the credit you qualify for, the amount you must repay on your 2025 return is capped as follows:

Starting in 2026, these repayment caps no longer apply, and the full excess must be repaid.

These three deductions apply for tax years 2025 through 2028. They are claimed for the first time on 2025 returns, on the new Schedule 1-A. You can take them whether or not you itemize; they reduce taxable income but not AGI, and they do not reduce social security and Medicare (FICA or self-employment) tax.

• Tips: the occupation must have customarily received tips on or before December 31, 2024 (see the Treasury list of occupations). Only voluntary cash or card tips whose amount the customer decides count, including tip-sharing. A service charge that a restaurant adds automatically and the customer cannot change is not a tip. The tips must appear on a Form W-2, Form 1099 or similar statement, or be reported on Form 4137. For the self-employed, the tip deduction cannot exceed the net income of the business.
• Overtime: only the premium portion of overtime pay required by the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) counts, and you must be an employee whom the FLSA requires to be paid overtime. Example: with a regular rate of $20 an hour and overtime paid at 1.5 times ($30), the deductible part is the extra $10 for each overtime hour. Extra pay an employer chooses to give (for example, double time), overtime paid only because of state law or a labor contract and not required by the FLSA, and extra pay for weekends or holidays when the week is not over 40 hours do not count.
• Car loan interest: the loan must be taken out after December 31, 2024 to buy a new (original use) vehicle for personal use and be secured by a first lien on that vehicle. Final assembly must occur in the United States, and the vehicle must be a car, minivan, van, SUV, pickup truck or motorcycle with a gross vehicle weight rating under 14,000 pounds. Leases, used vehicles and vehicles bought mainly for business use do not qualify. If the loan is later refinanced, the interest generally still qualifies.

2025 Returns: Figuring Tips and Overtime When Forms W-2 and 1099 Do Not Show Them

The 2025 Forms W-2, 1099-NEC, 1099-MISC and 1099-K were not changed, so employers and payers did not have to show qualified tips or overtime separately. In Notice 2025-69, the IRS allows the following methods for 2025. Keep the pay stubs and records you rely on.

• Tips received as an employee: you may use the social security tips in box 7 of Form W-2, or the total tips you reported to your employer during the year on Form 4070 (or a similar monthly form), or an amount your employer chose to show in box 14 of Form W-2 or on a separate statement. You may also add unreported tips you report on Form 4137.
• Tips received as a self-employed person or contractor: the tips must be included in the total on a Form 1099-NEC, 1099-MISC or 1099-K. You may figure the amount from receipts, point-of-sale reports, daily tip logs or the platform’s earnings statements. Cash tips not included in a Form 1099 total cannot be deducted.
• Transition rule for a specified service trade or business (SSTB): under the law, tips received in an SSTB (for example, health, law, accounting or the performing arts) do not qualify; for employees, the test is the employer’s business. Under Notice 2025-69, until January 1 of the year after the IRS issues final SSTB rules for this deduction, the IRS treats tips earned in an occupation on the Treasury list as not received in an SSTB. This relief covers all of 2025.
• Overtime: if box 14 of Form W-2 or a separate statement from your employer shows qualified overtime, you may use that amount. Otherwise, if your pay statement shows the overtime premium, use it. If it shows only the total overtime pay at time-and-a-half, use one-third of the total (for example, $15,000 of overtime pay gives $5,000). If your employer pays double time, use one-half of the amount above your regular pay, or one-quarter of the total overtime pay, depending on what the statement shows. With none of these, you may use a reasonable estimate based on your regular rate and your hours over 40 in each workweek, or ask your employer for the information.
• Car loan interest: for 2025, lenders may give the year’s interest only through an online account, a monthly statement or an annual statement, rather than a separate interest form (Notice 2025-57).
• Starting in 2026, Forms W-2 and 1099 show qualified tips and overtime separately, and an employee’s overtime deduction cannot exceed the amount shown on Form W-2.

State and Local Tax (SALT) Deduction Cap

The cap is reduced by 30% of MAGI above the threshold, but not below $10,000, so at MAGI of $600,000 the cap is down to $10,000. For married filing separately, the calculation uses the full $40,000 cap and the $250,000 threshold, and the result is then halved, so the cap reaches its $5,000 minimum at MAGI of $350,000. For 2026 the cap is $40,400 and the threshold is $505,000; both rise by 1% a year for 2027 through 2029, and the cap returns to $10,000 starting in 2030. SALT includes state and local income taxes (or sales taxes instead), real estate taxes and value-based personal property taxes.

Charitable Contributions

• For 2025, you can deduct charitable gifts only if you itemize.
• Cash gifts to public charities are generally deductible up to 60% of AGI; any excess can generally be carried forward and deducted over the next 5 years.
• The deduction of up to $1,000 ($2,000 on a joint return) of cash gifts for people who do not itemize, and the rule that itemizers can deduct only the part of their gifts above 0.5% of AGI, both start in 2026. Neither applies to 2025.

Other Itemized Deductions

• Higher incomes: the rule that reduces itemized deductions by 2/37 for taxpayers in the 37% bracket starts in 2026. It does not apply to 2025.
• Gambling losses: for 2025, all losses are deductible, but not more than gambling winnings for the year. Starting in 2026, only 90% of losses are deductible.
• Mortgage interest: for home acquisition loans taken out after December 15, 2017, interest is deductible on up to $750,000 of debt ($375,000 for MFS); for earlier loans the limit is $1,000,000 ($500,000). Mortgage insurance premiums are not deductible for 2025; the deduction returns in 2026.
• Medical expenses: deductible to the extent they exceed 7.5% of AGI.
• Educators: K-12 teachers and other eligible educators can deduct up to $300 of classroom expenses above the line for 2025. If both spouses are educators and file jointly, the limit is $600, but not more than $300 each. The rules that also allow these expenses as an itemized deduction and include interscholastic sports coaches start in 2026.

For 2025, gains on assets held more than one year, and qualified dividends, are taxed at 0%, 15% or 20% based on taxable income:

A separate 3.8% Net Investment Income Tax applies when MAGI exceeds $200,000 (single or head of household), $250,000 (married filing jointly or qualifying surviving spouse) or $125,000 (married filing separately). It is charged on the smaller of net investment income or the amount of MAGI over the threshold.

For 2025, the exemption shrinks by 25 cents for each $1 of alternative minimum taxable income above the phase-out threshold. Starting in 2026, the thresholds drop to $500,000 ($1,000,000 for joint filers) and the exemption shrinks by 50 cents for each $1. The AMT rates are 26% and 28%; the 28% rate applies to the amount above $239,100 ($119,550 for MFS) after subtracting the exemption.

The new law raised the basic exclusion to $15,000,000 for estates of people who die after December 31, 2025 and for gifts made in 2026 or later. For 2025, gifts of up to $19,000 a year to any one person generally do not require a gift tax return (Form 709). The penalty for not reporting a foreign gift on time is 5% of the gift for each month, up to 25%, unless there is reasonable cause.

The 2025 exclusion is $130,000. Your tax home must be in a foreign country, and you must meet the bona fide residence test or the physical presence test (at least 330 full days in a foreign country during any 12 consecutive months).

• The ages 60 to 63 catch-up applies to people who turn 60, 61, 62 or 63 during 2025.
• Some qualifying employers’ SIMPLE plans allow employee deferrals of up to $17,600 and an age-50 catch-up of $3,850.
• Traditional IRA deduction phase-out (MAGI) if you are covered by a workplace plan: single or head of household $79,000 to $89,000; married filing jointly or qualifying surviving spouse $126,000 to $146,000; not covered but your spouse is covered $236,000 to $246,000; married filing separately $0 to $10,000.
• Roth IRA contribution phase-out (MAGI): single or head of household $150,000 to $165,000; married filing jointly or qualifying surviving spouse $236,000 to $246,000; married filing separately $0 to $10,000.
• Saver’s Credit: up to $1,000 ($2,000 on a joint return); no credit if AGI is over $39,500 ($59,250 for head of household, $79,000 for married filing jointly).
• Qualified charitable distributions: IRA owners age 70½ or older can give up to $108,000 directly from an IRA to charity in 2025, excluded from income; the one-time limit for a gift to a split-interest entity (such as a charitable gift annuity) is $54,000.
• An HSA requires a high-deductible health plan (HDHP). For 2025 the HDHP minimum deductible is $1,650 (self-only) or $3,300 (family), and the out-of-pocket maximum is $8,300 (self-only) or $16,600 (family). Under the new law, for plan years starting in 2025, a plan with no deductible for telehealth, or separate telehealth coverage, does not affect HSA eligibility. The rule that bronze and catastrophic plans count as HDHPs starts in 2026.

Form 1099 Thresholds

• Forms 1099-NEC and 1099-MISC: for payments made in 2025, you report when payments to a person total $600 or more for the year ($10 for royalties). The new $2,000 threshold applies only to payments made in 2026 and later.
• Form 1099-K: the new law restored the earlier threshold retroactively. Payment apps and online marketplaces must issue a 2025 Form 1099-K only when your payments for the year exceed $20,000 and the number of transactions exceeds 200. If customers pay you directly by credit or debit card, you will receive a Form 1099-K regardless of the amount.
• All business income must be reported whether or not you receive a Form 1099.

Social Security and Self-Employment Tax

• The 2025 Social Security wage base is $176,100; employees and employers each pay 6.2%. Medicare tax is 1.45% each, with no wage limit.
• Self-employment tax is 15.3% (12.4% Social Security plus 2.9% Medicare) on 92.35% of net self-employment earnings; the Social Security part also stops at $176,100 (counting any wages).
• Additional Medicare Tax of 0.9% applies to wages and self-employment income above $200,000 ($250,000 married filing jointly, $125,000 married filing separately).
• FICA tip credit (Form 8846): starting with 2025 tax years, the employer credit for social security and Medicare taxes paid on employees’ tips covers not only food and beverage businesses but also beauty businesses where tipping is customary: barbering and hair care, nail care, esthetics, and body and spa treatments. For beauty-service employees, tips used to bring pay up to the $7.25 federal minimum wage do not count.

Equipment Purchases and the QBI Deduction

• Section 179 expensing: the new law raised the limits. For tax years beginning in 2025, the limit is $2,500,000, reduced dollar for dollar once qualifying property placed in service during the year exceeds $4,000,000 (the IRS had announced $1,250,000 and $3,130,000).
• Bonus depreciation: qualifying property acquired after January 19, 2025 gets 100% bonus depreciation (the acquisition date is the date a written binding contract is signed). Property acquired before January 20, 2025 and placed in service in 2025 gets 40% (60% for long production period property and certain aircraft). For the first tax year ending after January 19, 2025, you may elect 40% (or 60%) instead of 100%.
• Qualified business income (QBI) deduction, Section 199A: up to 20% of qualified business income, now permanent under the new law. For 2025 the taxable income threshold is $197,300 ($394,600 married filing jointly); above it, over a range of $50,000 ($100,000 for joint filers), the W-2 wage and property limits phase in and the deduction for a specified service trade or business (SSTB, such as health, law, accounting or consulting) phases out; at $247,300 ($494,600 for joint filers) the limits apply in full and an SSTB gets no deduction. The wider $75,000 ($150,000 for joint filers) range and the $400 minimum deduction start in 2026.

• What they are: a new type of individual retirement account (IRA) for children under 18.
• How to open one: a parent, guardian or other authorized person makes the election on Form 4547. Form 4547 may be filed with the 2025 return or on its own at any time, and it can now also be submitted online through an IRS Individual Online Account. If you have already filed your 2025 return, do not amend it just to attach Form 4547.
• Federal seed money: for U.S. citizen children with an SSN valid for employment born from January 1, 2025 through December 31, 2028, the Treasury makes a one-time $1,000 deposit once the election is made on Form 4547.
• Contributions: no money can go into an account before July 4, 2026. After that, parents, relatives, employers and others may contribute up to $5,000 a year in total, and contributions by individuals are not deductible. See the 2026 page for the rules on contributions, investments and withdrawals.

• New Clean Vehicle Credit: up to $7,500 for a qualifying new electric or fuel cell vehicle. You must have acquired the vehicle on or before September 30, 2025, meaning you signed a written binding contract and made a payment (a down payment or trade-in counts). You may take delivery later; claim the credit for the year you take delivery. The manufacturer’s suggested retail price (MSRP) cannot exceed $55,000 ($80,000 for vans, SUVs and pickups). Your MAGI must be no more than $300,000 (married filing jointly or qualifying surviving spouse), $225,000 (head of household) or $150,000 (others) in either the year of delivery or the year before.
• Used Clean Vehicle Credit: also limited to vehicles acquired on or before September 30, 2025; 30% of the sale price, up to $4,000; the price cannot exceed $25,000, and you must buy from a dealer. Your MAGI must be no more than $150,000 (married filing jointly or qualifying surviving spouse), $112,500 (head of household) or $75,000 (others) in either the year of delivery or the year before.
• Commercial Clean Vehicle Credit (business vehicles): also limited to vehicles acquired on or before September 30, 2025; up to $7,500 per vehicle, or $40,000 for a vehicle with a gross vehicle weight rating of 14,000 pounds or more.
• If you transferred the credit to the dealer to lower the price at purchase, you must still file Form 8936 with your return.
• Energy Efficient Home Improvement Credit: 30% of the cost of items placed in service in your existing main home on or before December 31, 2025. The annual limit is $1,200, with sub-limits of $250 per exterior door ($500 total), $600 for windows and skylights combined, $150 for a home energy audit and $600 for each other item. Heat pumps, heat pump water heaters and biomass stoves or boilers have a separate $2,000 annual limit, so the most per year is $3,200. For 2025, you must enter each item’s qualified manufacturer identification number (QMID) on your return.
• Residential Clean Energy Credit: 30% of the cost of solar electric, solar water heating, small wind, geothermal heat pump and battery storage (3 kilowatt hours or more) property, among others, installed on or before December 31, 2025, with no annual limit (except for fuel cells). Any credit you cannot use this year can be carried forward.

The new law widened what 529 plans can pay for. For withdrawals after July 4, 2025, K-12 expenses include, besides tuition, curriculum materials, books and online learning materials, tutoring (the tutor must meet certain qualifications), fees for standardized and college admission tests, dual enrollment fees and educational therapies for students with disabilities. 529 money can also pay for courses, tests and continuing education for recognized postsecondary credentials.

• People who do not itemize can deduct up to $1,000 ($2,000 on a joint return) of cash gifts to charity; itemizers can deduct only the part of their gifts above 0.5% of AGI.
• Itemized deductions are reduced by 2/37 for the 37% bracket; only 90% of gambling losses are deductible; mortgage insurance premiums are deductible again.
• The top Child and Dependent Care Credit rate rises to 50%; the dependent care FSA limit rises to $7,500.
• The AMT exemption phase-out starts at $500,000 ($1,000,000 for joint filers) and runs twice as fast.
• The estate and gift tax basic exclusion rises to $15,000,000.
• The reporting threshold for Forms 1099-NEC and 1099-MISC rises to $2,000.
• The yearly per-student limit on 529 plan withdrawals for K-12 expenses rises to $20,000.
• Excess advance premium tax credit must be repaid in full.
• The American Opportunity and Lifetime Learning Credits require an SSN valid for employment.
• Forms W-2 and 1099 show qualified tips and overtime separately.

For the 2026 details of each item, see the 2026 page linked at the top of this page.